Ok this one goes to poot- It isn't quantum theory, it's quantum law thank you very much : ).
I'll go on for a more clarified definition of law now. I've already defined scientific and philosophical theory as best as they can be defined, but I'll redefine them here so that everyone can see the entire picture. Also, let it be noted that there are 6 definitions I believe for scientific theory. This is the base definition. All of the other definitions are special cases to this definition.
Once again, the very basic definition of theories-
Philosophical Theory- Based on ideas
Scientific Theory- Based on axioms
A scientific theory just needs to be plausible. If it's proven, it becomes a law....
When used in the terms of science, plausibility is generally a result of constant testing. Once the tests have all been affirmed to be accurate, the theory then turns into a law. However, it does not have to be tested in any way and does not have to meet any special requirements to be a scientific theory. The definitions I gave above are the only requirements to become one of the two types of theories.
The basic definition of Laws-
When a theory is regarded as true.
-For those of you who might twist this about, this is done with proof (not the geometric kind ;p).
Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D
There is no 'proof' or absolute 'truth' in science. The closest we get are facts, which are indisputable observations. Note, however, if you define proof as arriving at a logical conclusion, based on the evidence, then there is 'proof' in science.
To Elanai:
I literally just said this...
Religion, as a whole, includes a philosophical part and a theoretical part. Also, I don't quite know what you are even referring to when you said that I said that religion is a part of philosophy. Maybe you read something wrong or I don't know, because I never said that. I've been constantly saying over and over again what I just said: Religion has 2 parts.
Another thing, to get the entire scope of this debate, you'd have to read from the very first post ^_-. I know I'm not really using quotes, too lazy, lol...
Final Notes-
Turning the theoretical portion of religion into philosophical theory (which it is).
The theoretical portion of religion is philosophical theory at this time. Why is this so? Because it is based on ideas. These ideas can come from anywhere and don't have to be based on anything else.
ie- If you are bad you will go to hell
The example above is a common philosophical theory for many western religions based on the idea of the religion's standards for bad and the religions punishment for being bad.
Turning it into a scientific theory-
A scientific theory is built from an axiom. As time progresses, more and more will be known about the universe. As a result of this, answers will begin to be given to older theories so that they can be proven to be laws.
Let's say that with a technology, humanity has discovered a hell and has confirmed it to be the hell described by many religions (I am not very religious, I am just using this as an example). Now let's look back at our original example. It mentions hell, but it is still a philosophical theory because it has never been observed.
Someone bad dies and they appear in hell
Still a theory
Someone else bad dies and they appear in hell
A bit more plausible now
Bad people continue dying and they always appear in hell
Now it's a law. The law would simply state-
If you are a bad person you will go to hell.
Now, please don't break this apart and say that bad is a matter of perspective. The perspective I am using for bad is the religion in question. From here, we can actually start to define what bad is.
If they murdered someone, they go to hell, so murdering must be bad
If they did this, they go to hell, so this must be bad
I mean, I could go on, but this is the basic idea I was presenting before that the theoretical portion of religion can equate to scientific theory over time. I also explained at an earlier time that I opted to use the word scientific over the word philosophical because as technology progresses, anything with a definitive answer that is a philosophical theory will eventually turn into a scientific theory. Eventually, this scientific theory will become a law of some sort.
Now, to expound on theories and laws a bit... I don't ever really see any law or theory that says something is false. This is because when something becomes false, it's not generally said to be a theory anymore. However, it is still a theory/law, the theory/law simply state that when this occurs, this won't happen.
Now, I hope everyone understands now so we can finally move on. Yes, this time I did research because I'm obviously not going to get through to you guys on my word alone.
Here are some more quotes-
The definition of a scientific theory
The Standard Sketch-
The standard sketch of scientific theories-and I emphasize the word "sketch"-
runs something like the following. A scientific theory consists of two parts.
One part is an abstract logical calculus. In addition to the vocabulary of logic, this
calculus includes the primitive symbols of the theory, and the logical structure of the theory
is fixed by stating the axioms or postulates of the theory in terms of its primitive symbols.
For many theories, the primitive symbols will be thought of as theoretical terms like "electron"
or "particle" that are not possible to relate in any simple way to observable phenomena.
The second part of the theory is a set of rules that assign an empirical content to the logical
calculus by providing what are usually called "co-ordinating definitions" or "empirical interpretations"
for at least some of the primitive and defined symbols of the calculus. It is always emphasized that the
first part alone is not sufficient to define a scientific theory, for without a systematic specification
of the intended empirical interpretation of the theory, it is not possible in any sense to evaluate the
the theory as a part of science, although it can be studied simply as a piece of pure mathematics.
This follows and then expands on my basic definition of scientific theory by including 2 parts, the logical part and the definitive part.
Next one:
Laws
While there is a general agreement that a scientific law includes
a generalization, there is no agreement as to whether or not it includes
anything else. The apoplectic language in which we frequently express
scientific laws (e.g. "Mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen must explode if an
electric spark occurs in the mixture") tends to make us think that they assert
something over and above the mere constant conjunction which would be asserted
in the corresponding generalization; and philosophers have propounded views
according to which the extra something is a logical relation analogous to
that holding between premises and conclusion in deductive inference, or a
relation of activity analogous to that occurring in volition, or a quite
specific relation not analogous to anything else. But in two hundred years
since Hume preached the doctrine that there is not this extra something (except
a psycho-logical fact about the association of ideas or beliefs in the mind of
a person believing the law), the main reason that has made many philosophers
develop other views in their sense of the inadequacy of a constant conjunction
theory along Hume's lines. So there would seem to be no need to consider
views which make scientific laws more than statements of constant conjunction
if an adequate constant conjunction view can be maintained.
The above talks about the single constant conjunction which I presented with my example of Christianity's Hell.
I'm not really going to go over philosophical theory because I think everyone can agree with that.
Now, the above basic definitions I gave in my list are the absolute basic definitions. They can be expanded on, special cases can be looked at, and etc.
Oh also, there is a slight hole up in my thing up above. First it goes from a philosophical theory (considering that what we are talking about has already built up quite a bit) to a hypothesis based on the observations made on scientific advancements to a theory (is it generally true or false?) to a law (true or false).