For general cubic polynomials with integer coefficients, you'll usually use synthetic division. You'll get all the factors of the leading coefficient and all the factors of the constant term, and then you'll guess-and-check each ratio (plus or minus) in the polynomial.
Pro-tip--a lot of teachers will instruct you to run synthetic division on every term you want to guess, and check if the remainder is 0. That is actually tedious and unnecessary. Just plug in the value you want to guess into the polynomial and see if it evaluates to 0. If you're allowed a calculator, this is really fast compared to doing it by hand. Usually they'll give small roots, so some 1/-1/2/-2 are usually easy to do in your head.